weight 1,43gr. ; gold Ø 15mm.
Pseudo-Imperial Coinage. In the name of Anastasius (491-518)

obv. Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right,
surrounded by the legend; DN ANASTA – TIVS PF AVC
rev. Victory advancing right,  with three-quarters bust left, holding wreath
in right hand and globus cruciger in left, star in right field, surrounded by
the legend; VICTORIA AVGVSTORII, C O I I in exergue

Baduila (also called Totila by the Byzantine historian Procopius) was born in Treviso and was a relative of Theudis, king of the Visigoths, and a sword-bearer; a role that made for a good career among his kin. Baduila was elected king of the Ostrogoths in 541 after the assassination of his uncle Ildibad and having surreptitiously engineered the assassination of Ildibad′s short-lived successor, his cousin Eraric, in 541. Like Alaric I, Baduila was quite young when he became king and was declared such by the Goths to recover dominion over the Italians.

That we see Anastasius name on Baduila′s coins is not without reason.
As Anastasius was the last emperor to accept the Ostrogothic presence in Italy,
Baduila could legitimate his reign by doing so.

cf. BMC Vandals 4 ; cf. Kraus 9 ; cf  MIB 33-35 ;
cf. Slg. de Wit 123 ; MEC I, – ; cf. Metlich 40b3 RR
Very rare historical coin.
vf/xf

weight 1,04gr. ; silver Ø 18mm.

obv. Large A with dot in the centre, surrounded by four stars,
within dotted circle. In outer circle the legend; + ✶DE ANCON✶
rev. A - C - V - S cross shaped round pellet within dotted circle.
In outer circle the legend; + ✶P P • S • QVIRI ✶

Founded around 390 BC, Ancona was an important trade centre of old. After the fall of the West Roman Empire, Ancona had come under the East Roman Empire, ensuring the city′s defence against invasions of the Goths and the Lombards. In 728 Ancona fell to the Duchy Spoleto. Pippin (754) and Charlemagne (774) ceded Ancona to the pope. The Saracens (847-850) destroyed the city. After its reconstruction it came to the pope anew in 786. Still indepence was pursued, which met with fierce competition by Venice. the Byzantine threat also reared its head again. The proof of autonomy is an own coin lacking the effigy of the pope (from 1170). in 1355 Ancona was definitively annexed to the ecclesiastical state.

cf. Biaggi 39 ; cf. CNI XIII, Pl.1, 9
vf

weight 1,52gr. ; copper Ø 17mm.

obv. Crowned shield of France surrounded by the legend;
CAROLVS✶REX✶FRA
rev. Short cross within circle, eagle with spead wings below.
In outer circle the legend; + AQVILANA - CIVITAS

On the occasion of the death of the King of Naples, Ferdinand of Aragon (died January 25, 1494), Charles VIII entered Italy in September to claim his inheritance. After crossing Italy without emcombre he arrived in Naples Jan. 22, 1495. His solemn entry was celebrated May 12, 1495 and Charles VIII was proclaimed King of Sicily and Jerusalem. On May 20, he left Naples, leaving a viceroy, a French coalition attacking French troops from northern Italy. Following the lifting of the Neapolitans, the French lost the town. Taranto was the last French place down, February 25, 1497.

Biaggi 128var. ; cf. Ciani 870 ; Duplessy 625B R
vf/vf-

weight 0,99gr. ; silver Ø 22mm.

obv. Patriarch enthroned facing holding cross and book, shield with eagle before,
surrounded by the legend; OTOBO - NVS PA (three-leaf clovers divide legend)
rev. Shield with Arms, surrounded by the legend; + A - QVILЄ - GENSI

Biaggi 160 (R2) ; Bernardi 34   R
Minor weakness. Attractive patina. Rare.
vf

weight 1,28gr. ; gold Ø 17mm.

obv. Crowned, draped and bearded bust facing, holding globus cruciger,
surrounded by the legend; GRIM - VALD
rev. Cross potent set on base, G - R across fields, VIC ▸ in exergue,
surrounded by the legend; DOMS - ✤ - CAR•RX

Unabridged legend: Dominus Carlus Rex Grimvaldus Victoria
Translation: Lord Charlemagne King, Grimoald, Victory.

The Duchy of Benevento was created in southern Italy in the late 6th when Italy was conquered by the Lombards. Benevento was elevated to a principality after Charlemagne′s conquest of the Lombard kingdom and it managed thereafter for the most of the time to maintain its independence from the Franks. It was however in 840 partitioned into three parts (Benevento, Capua and Salerno). All these so called Lombard principalities were conquered by the Normans in the 11tth and then merged into the kingdom of Sicily, which was created in 1130. A small fraction of the the principality of Benevento (the city itself) became however a part of the Papal States and remained, apart from 1806-1815 when Napoleon′s minister Talleyrand was its prince, under Papal rule until the unification of Italy in 1860.

Grimoald III (often Latinized as Grimaldus) was born ca. 760, second son of Duke Arechis II of Benevento and Adelperga. In 787, after his father′s rebellion against Charlemagne failed, Grimoald and his elder brother Romoald were taken as hostages to the Frankish court.

• The Vassalage Agreement: Upon the death of his father in 788, Charlemagne allowed Grimoald to return to Italy to rule as Duke of Benevento on the condition that he acknowledge Frankish suzerainty. Grimoald was required to mint coins in Charlemagne′s name and have his Lombards shave their beards in the Frankish fashion.

• The Rebellion: Grimoald eventually asserted his independence, leading to a series of wars between 791 and 806. Despite multiple invasions by Charlemagne′s sons (Pippin and Charles the Younger), Grimoald successfully defended his territory, ensuring Benevento remained the last independent Lombard stronghold in Italy.

♦ magnificent gold coin struck in name of Charlemagne ♦

CNI XVIII, p. 155, 8 ; Grierson/Blackburn (MEC I) 1098 ;
BMC Vandals p.171, 7 ; Sambon 422 ; Oddy no.SG.444 ;
Biaggi 316 (R2) ; Arslan 94 ; Ratto 2396 ; Numista 145273 RR
Struck with some minor weaknesses, otherwise very attractive
and lustrous specimen with sharp details. Very rare.
xf

weight 3,71gr. ; pale gold Ø 23mm.

obv. Crowned and draped bust facing, holding globus cruciger,
▲ in lower right field, surrounded by the legend; SIC - ARDV 
rev. Cross potent set on three steps, S - I over wedge across fields,
CONO below, surrounded by the legend; VICTORΔ - PRINCIB

The Lombards were a Germanic people who were known since the time of Tacitus. By the early sixth century the Lombards had settled in Pannonia, and adopted the Arian religion. In AD 568/9, the Lombards began to invade Italy and quickly took control of the region from the Alps to the Po valley (later known as Lombardy), and established their capital at Pavia in AD 571 under their king, Alboin. Following the death of his successor in AD 574, the dukes could not agree on a new king, resulting in an interregnum of ten years. During this interval, two other independent Lombard duchies were founded in Spoleto and Benevento. With the exception of Liutprand (AD 712-744), the kings of Lombardy were weak and ineffectual, and the kingdom was finally crushed by Charlemagne in AD 774. The Lombards of Benevento thrived under its first dukes, Zotto and Arichis (AD 571-641), and its control expanded to the whole of southern Italy except Apulia and Calabria. Afterward, the hostilities of Lombardy, followed by the Carolingians, Byzantines, Papal States, and finally the Arab invaders, kept Benevento on the defensive, and its power waned. A civil war following the murder of Sicard in AD 839 resulted in the breakup of the greater duchy, and a number of insignificant Lombard dukes intermittently ruled over a greatly reduced Benevento until the mid-eleventh century. Like Benevento, the Lombard duchy of Spoleto was constantly assailed from all sides, and lost its independence after falling to Charlemagne in AD 776. Unlike Lombardy and Benevento, Spoleto has no known coinage.

Sicard (died 839) was the Prince of Benevento from 832. He was the son and successor of the Spoletan Sico and he was the last prince of a united Benevento which covered most of the Mezzogiorno. He warred against the Saracens and his neighbours continually, especially Sorrento, Naples, and Amalfi. He was the strongest military and economic power in the region. By the Pactum Sicardi of 4 July 836, he signed a five-year armistice with the three aforementioned cities and recognised the right of travel of their merchants. Nonetheless, war continued. In a war of 837 with Duke Andrew II of Naples, the latter called in the first Saracens as allies and a trend began, drawing more and more Muslims into Christian wars on the peninsula. He also captured Amalfi in 838 by sea, moving some of its inhabitants to Salerno.

Despite his warmaking, he was also a builder. He built a new church in Benevento and to equip it with relics, rescued those of Saint Bartholomew, then in the Lipari Islands, from the Saracens by hiring some Amalfitan merchants to retrieve them. In his capture of Amalfi, he took the relics of Saint Trofimena, recently brought there from Minori, Italy. Sicard was assassinated in 839 by a revolt of the Amalfitans, instigated by Radelchis treasurer of the Principality, who immediately proclaimed himself prince. But Sicard′s brother, Siconulf, whom he had imprisoned, broke out and was proclaimed prince in Salerno; a ten-year civil war ensued, which split it permanently.

In the reference literature the text under the patriarchal cross is consistently indicated as CONOB, with the B in mirror writing (retrograde). However, I believe that the B follows the text on the reverse as; VICTORΔ - PRINCIB ("VICTORIA PRINCIPI B"), and that the B therefore stands for Beneventum.

Oddy 479-481 ; CNI XVIII 6 ; BMC Vandals, 2-3 ; MEC 1, 1108 ;
Wroth p.179, 1-4 (pl.XXIV,10-11) ; Arslan 102 ; Biaggi 324 ;
Numista 145163 ; Friedberg 109  R
Very attractive specimen with good details. Rare.
xf-

weight 1,18gr. ; silver Ø 19mm.

obv. Monogram of Radelchis, formed by the letters R-A-D-E-L,
surrounded by the legend; ✠ PRINCЄ BЄNЄBЄNTI
(translation; Princeps Beneventium)
rev. Cross potent set on three steps, star in right field, surrounded
by the legend; ARHAИVЄLV ИIAE (translation; Archangelus Michael)

The duchy of Benevento was created in southern Italy in the late 6th when Italy was conquered by the Lombards. Benevento was elevated to a principality after Charlemagne′s conquest of the Lombard kingdom and it managed thereafter for the most of the time to maintain its independence from the Franks. It was however in 840 partitioned into three parts (Benevento, Capua and Salerno). All these so called Lombard principalities were conquered by the Normans in the 11tth and then merged into the kingdom of Sicily, which was created in 1130. A small fraction of the the principality of Benevento (the city itself) became however a part of the Papal States and remained, apart from 1806-1815 when Napoleon′s minister Talleyrand was its prince, under Papal rule until the unification of Italy in 1860.

Radelchis I (also Radalgis) (died 851) was the treasurer, then prince of Benevento from 839, when he assumed the throne upon the assassination (possibly at his instigation) of Sicard and imprisonment of Sicard′s brother, Siconulf, to his death, though in his time the principality was divided. According to the Chronica S. Benedicti Casinensis, the gastald of Capua, Landulf the Old, who had been an ally of Sicard, freed the imprisoned Siconulf and, with the support of Guaifer, chief of the Dauferidi family of Salerno, brought him to that city to be proclaimed prince in opposition to Radelchis. This was the beginning of a civil war which was to last more than a decade.

In 841, Radelchis brought in the aid of Saracen mercenaries, as Andrew II of Naples had four years prior. The mercenaries sacked the city of Capua, forcing Landulf to found a new capital nearby on the hill of Triflisco. Siconulf responded by leasing his own band of Saracens. The depredations of the two Christian rulers and their Saracen helpers so disturbed the king of Italy, Louis II, that when he was crowned co-emperor in 850, he immediately set out to pacify the Mezzogiorno. In 851, he forced a peace on Radelchis and Siconulf and expelled the Saracens from Benevento (warriors from the Emirate of Bari, whom Radelchis happily betrayed). He divided the principality permanently. Radelchis did not live long thereafter and was succeeded by his son Radelgar.

MEC I- ; Biaggi- ; cf. BMC Vandal p. 181, 1 ;
cf. CNI XVIII, 179 ; cf. Sambon 443 ; Numista 145307 RRRR
Small flan crack and some edge damage.
Important historical coin of the highest rarity.
vf/vf-

weight 0,82gr. ; silver Ø 18mm.

obv.  A T I S within circle. In outer circle the legend; ✶•D•L•DEMELIOR
rev. A surrounded by four stars within circle. In outer circle the legend;
✶•VB:FIRMAN•

Biaggi 727 ; cf. CNI 3 (Plate 18, 23) R
vf

weight 1,11gr. ; silver Ø 18mm.

obv. In center, letters C h I O in a cross shape, around
large pellet, inside reede circle, eagle above, surrounded
by the legend; NIChOL′  MAR
rev. In center, gothic letter A surrounded by 4 large dots,
inside reeded circle, small Ferrara shield above, surrounded
by the legend; • DE • FE • RA • RI •

CNI X.420.2 ; MIR 218 ; Varesi 218 ; Bellesia, 1b ; Biaggi 744 (R3) R
Some minor flan cracks. Rare.
vf

weight 0,66gr. ; silver Ø 15mm.
Class D

obv. Gate within cabled circle, surrounded by the legend;
✠ • IA • NV • A •
rev. Cross within cabled circle, surrounded by the legend;
CVNRAD1 REX•

Biaggi 835 ; MEC XII, 213 ; CNI III, pl. I, 7 ; Numista 63890
vf/xf

weight 38,12gr. ; silver Ø 42mm.

obv. Cross with star in each angle within circle. In outer circle the legend; 
+ DVX★ET★GVB★REIP★GENV★
rev. Virgin seated facing on cloud, head turned to right surrounded
by 7 small stars, holding scepter in het reight kind and holding child
Jesus in het left arm. In outer circle the legend;
★ET★REGE★EOS★1682★ S★M★

In the period 1637-1797 every two years a new doge was chosen.
When this coin was struck, Luca Maria Invrea (13 August 1681-13 August 1683)
was the reigning doge.

CNI 13var. ; Lunardi 260 ; MIR 294/42 ; KM.79 ; Davenport 3900
Impressive large and heavy silver coin. Attractive toning.
vf

weight 0,74gr.; silver Ø 16,5mm.

obv. Monogram of Henri within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend: ✠IMPERΛTOR
rev. LV / CΛ arranged around central point, surrounded
by the legend; ✠ENRICVS

Denars (or deniers) from Lucca, Italy, were a highly popular and crucial currency for Crusaders in the Levant, often found in Crusader hoards from sites like Acre and Caesarea, serving as reliable payment for supplies, soldiers, and passage, valued for their silver content and consistent minting under Holy Roman Emperors like Henry III, IV, and V. They were a "preferred coinage" for the First Crusade and beyond, used alongside Islamic coinage, reflecting Lucca′s strong medieval banking and trade, making them a significant, almost "international" currency of the era.

Biaggi 1058 ; MIR 107/109
usual crude strike with weaknesses
vf-

weight 26,32gr. ; silver Ø 41,5mm.

cointype with "Saint Martin and the Beggar"

KM.53 ; Davenport 1373
very attractive coin with nice toning
vf

weight 24,86gr. ; silver Ø 37mm.

variety with small busts
Mintage of  83.309 pieces.

obv. Draped and diademed bust of Elisa Bonaparte and bare head
of Felix Bacciochi side by side right, surrounded by the legend;
FELICE ED ELISA PP. DI LUCCA E PIOMBINO.
rev. 5 / FRANCHI within laurel wreath, 1805 below, surrounded by the legend;
PRINCIPATO DI LUCCA E PIOMBINO

This five franchi was struck in the duchy of Lucca while it was ruled by Elisa Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon. The type was struck 1805-08, whereupon the tiny state was annexed to Napoleon′s empire. After his fall, the duchy was given to a relative of the king of Naples, then attached to Tuscany in 1847.

KM.24.1 ; Montenegro 431 ; Gigante 1 ; Pagani 253 ; Davenport 203
xf-

weight 1,57gr. ; silver Ø 20,5mm.

obv. Short cross with dot on top within circle.
In outer circle the legend; ✠ HLVDOVVICVS IMP
rev. MEDIO / • / LANVM

Unpublished variety with dot on top of the cross. Extremely rare.

cf. Morrison-Grunthal 451 ; cf. Depeyrot 662 I ; 
cf. Prou 909 ; cf. MEC I, 787 ; cf. Biaggi 1369  RRR
Some edge damage. Attractive patina. 
vf/xf

weight 1,19gr. ; silver Ø 20mm.

obv. Short cross patteé with pellet in each quarter, within circle.
In outer circle the legend;  ✠ H LVDOVVICVS IMP
rev. Tetrastyle temple with cross in the centre and on the roof,
surrounded by the legend;  XPSTIANA RELIGIO

variant: with XPSTIANA instead of the correct XPISTIANA.
Very rare as such.

cf. Morrison & Grunthal 472 ; cf. Prou 999-1001 ; cf. Depeyrot 662K ; 
MEC I, 791var. ; cf. Biaggi 1378 ; cf. Coupland, Francia (1990), groupe F RR
vf

weight 1,19gr. ; silver Ø 20mm.

obv. Short cross patteé with pellet in each quarter, within circle.
In outer circle the legend;  ✠ H LVDOVVICVS IMP
rev. Tetrastyle temple with cross in the centre and on the roof,
surrounded by the legend;  XPSTIANA RELIGIO

cf. Morrison & Grunthal 472 ; Prou 999-1001 ; Depeyrot 662K ; 
MEC I, 791var. ; Biaggi 1378 ; Coupland, Francia (1990), groupe F R
minor traces of oxidation
vf-

weight 0,50gr. ; silver Ø 15mm.

obv. H / RIC / N within dotted circle, surrounded
by the legend; ✠IMPERATOR
rev. Short cross patteé within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; MEDIOLANV

Henri III, IV and V were emperors of the
Holy Roman Empire and Kings of Italy.

CNI V pg.48.2 ; Verri 52 ; MIR 46 ; Biaggi 1413
vf-

weight 2,86gr. ; silver Ø 21mm.

obv. Saint Ambrose with nimbus enthroned facing,
surrounded by the legend; •SCS•AM - B ROSIV′
rev. Short cross with trifoils in the angles, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; MEDIOLANVM

Ambrose of Milan (Aurelius Ambrosius; c. 339 – 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting Roman Christianity against Arianism and paganism. He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377–391), and the exegetical Exameron (386–390). His preaching, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

Ambrose was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperors Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with developing an antiphonal chant, known as Ambrosian chant, and for composing the ″Te Deum″ hymn, though modern scholars now reject both of these attributions. Ambrose′s authorship on at least four hymns, including the well-known "Veni redemptor gentium", is secure; they form the core of the Ambrosian hymns, which includes others that are sometimes attributed to him. He also had a notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354–430), whom he helped convert to Christianity.

cf. CNI 20-22 ; MIR 67 ; Varesi 44 ; Biaggi 1426 RR
Very attractive specimen with appealing toning. Very rare.
xf-

weight 2,47gr. ; billon Ø 24mm.

obv. Bust of  Duke right GZ - M in lower field, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; ✠ G•Z•MA•SF•VICECOMES•DVX•MELI•V•
rev. Saint Ambrosius and two Roman soldiers, surrounded by the legend;
•S•AMBROSI•

Ambrose of Milan (Aurelius Ambrosius; c. 339 – 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting Roman Christianity against Arianism and paganism. He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377–391), and the exegetical Exameron (386–390). His preaching, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century.

Ambrose was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperors Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with developing an antiphonal chant, known as Ambrosian chant, and for composing the "Te Deum" hymn, though modern scholars now reject both of these attributions. Ambrose′s  authorship on at least four hymns, including the well-known "Veni redemptor gentium", is secure; they form the core of the Ambrosian hymns, which includes others that are sometimes attributed to him. He also had a notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354–430), whom he helped convert to Christianity.

CNI.V,p.175, no.107 ; MIR 206/2 ; Crippa 12 ;
Varesi 196 ; Biaggi 1551 RR
f/f+

weight 9,47gr. ; silver Ø 29mm.

obv. Armored bust of Galeazzo Maria right, a pointed ringlet
behind the head, within reeded circle, surrounded by the legend;
✠ GALEAZ• M•SF•VICECOS•DVX• MLI• QIT• and head
of Saint Ambrose in circle
In full the legend reads; GALEAZO MARIA SFORTIA
VICECOMES DVX MEDIOLANI QUINTUS, translation;
"Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Viscount, 5th Duke of Milan….";

rev. Helmet on a shield of Milan, crowned and topped with a
winged dragon holding a man in its mouth; on either side of the
helmet G3 - M and two trunks standing in fire to which two buckets
are attached, surrounded by the legend;  PP•ANGLE•Q3 - •CO•AC•
IANVE•D•
In full this legend reads; PAPIAE ANGLERIAE QEU3 COMES
AC IANVAE DOMINUS, translation; "... Count of Pavia and
Angara, also Lord of Genoa"

Galeazzo Maria Sforza was born on 24 January 1444 in Fermo, near the family′s castle of Girifalco. He was the first son of Francesco Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti. At the death of his father on 8 March 1466, Sforza was in France heading a military expedition to help King Louis XI against Charles I of Burgundy. Called back home by his mother, Sforza returned to Italy under a false name as he had to pass by the territories of the family′s enemy, the Duke of Savoy, who made an unsuccessful attempt on Sforza′s life. He entered Milan on 20 March 1466, and was acclaimed by the populace. In his first years, Sforza and his mother ruled jointly, but he later expelled her from Milan.

He married Dorotea Gonzaga, daughter of Louis III Gonzaga, and after her death Bona of Savoy, daughter of Louis of Savoy. Sforza was famous as a patron of music. Under his direction, financial backing and encouragement, his chapel grew into one of the most famous and historically significant musical ensembles in Europe. Composers from the north, especially the Franco-Flemish composers from the present-day Low Countries, came to sing in his chapel and write masses, motets and secular music for him. Some of the figures associated with the Sforza chapel included Alexander Agricola, Johannes Martini, Loyset Compère, and Gaspar van Weerbeke. However, most of the singers at the Sforza chapel fled after Sforza′s murder and took positions elsewhere, which caused a rise of musical standards in other cities such as Ferrara.

Galeazzo was assassinated on 26 December 1476 on the steps of the Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore by three nobles from the city, who were apparently trying to imitate the assassination of Julius Caesar. After his death, his son Gian Galeazzo Sforza became Duke of Milan, under the regency of his brother Ludovico. Galeazzo′s daughter Bianca married Emperor Maximilian I in 1494.

In the Renaissance we see the return of realistic portraits on coins, which had been so common in Greek and Roman times but had fallen into disuse in the Middle Ages. This testone (′testa′ = head), issued since 1474, was the first silver coin to show a lifelike Renaissance portrait of a ruler. It′s official name was ′Grossone da 20 soldi′ (1 Lira). Other rulers quickly adopted the policy as it turned coins into a means for propaganda allowing them to spread their own image and fame.

Crippa 6/A ; Toffanin (MIR) 201/2 ; CNI 171/77 ;
RM 248/8 ; Ravegnani Morosini 8  ; Biaggi 1548  R
Very attractive specimen with wonderful toning. Rare.
vf+ à vf/xf

weight 3,26gr. ; gold Ø 23,5mm.

obv. Crowned head of Philip II left, sun above, surmounted
by the legend; PHILIPPVS  –  REX•ETC 
rev. Oval crowned coat of arms quartered with the Milanese
eagle and snake, from the crown emanating palm and olive branches,
surrounded by the legend; MEDIO  –  LANI • D

The Scudo d′oro was a gold coin issued in Milan during the reign of Philip II of Spain (also known as Philip I of Milan), between 1556 and 1598. There are several variations, including a Scudo d′oro del Sole (golden sun shield) and a gold Scudo with the coat of arms of the Duchy of Milan. These coins are recognizable by the crowned head of Philip II on one side and the crowned coat of arms of Milan on the other. These gold Scudos are rare and valuable remnants of 16th-century gold coinage in Italy.

MIR 304 ; CNI.271/278 ; Crippa 7 ; Friedberg 718 R
Wonderful specimen with excellent portrait. Rare.
xf- à vf/xf

weight 4,41gr. ; gold Ø 22mm.

obv. Split arms of Jerusalem and Anjou, crescent above,rosettes at sides, 
stars around, within circle, in outer circle the legend;
+KAROL′ DEI GRA IERL′ M SICILIE REX
rev. The Annunciation: Archangel Gabriel and Mary, 
lily in vase below within circle, in outer circle the legend;
AVE GRACIA PLENA DOMINUS TECUM

This coin type is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful coins struck in medieval Europe. It is also one of the very few coins of this era to have a narrative content;
The Archangel Gabriel visits the Virgin Maria to announce that she will be the mother of a son conceived through the Holy Spirit (Luke 1:26-38): That is the motif on this salut d′or, struck around 1277 in the name of Charles I of Anjou. Gabriel tells Mary that she will have a child - Jesus, This scene would appear in many other works of religious art and follow a similar use of expressions ans symbols; Gabriel pointing at Mary, Mary displaying a somewhat shocked posture, the vase as a symbol for a female and the Lilly, symbolic of purity. Giovanni Fortino was the artist. King Charles was directly involved in the design process. He required that the dies be aligned so the coins was always struck with both sides ″up″ when the coin was rotated along the vertical axis.

Charles I was king of Naples and Sicily (1266-1285). In 1277 he also bought the title of inheritance for the kingdom of Jerusalem, a crusader state in Palestine. At that time Charles took the crest of Jerusalem into his own coat of arms that is depicted on the obverse of this coin. The right side of the crest depicts St. George′s Cross, the emblem of Jerusalem, while the left shows the lilies of Anjou.

cf. Sincona Auktion 89, Lot 660 (in xf/unc SFR 17.000 + 23%)

CNI-XIX pl.13,1; MIR 18 ; Fabrizi 18 (R2) ; M.E.C. XIV, 675 ;
Pannuti Riccio 1 ; Biaggi 1624 ; Friedberg 808 R
Some minor scuffs near the edge. Remarkably well struck
centered and preserved, with two well struck and wonderfully
expressive faces: thus very rare.
xf-

weight 0,65gr. ; Ø 18mm.

obv. Crowned head facing within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; ✠:KAROL:SCD:REX:
rev. Flowered short cross in dotted circle, surrounded by
the legend; ✠:IERL:ET:SICIL:

This cointype is an imitation of the penny of Edward I from England.
On this coin Carlo II di Angio (Charles II of Anjou) has the title of
"king of Jeruzalem and Sicilia".

The legend, KAROL SCD REX  IERL ET SICIL, i.e. Charles the second king of Jerusalem and Sicily, requires a bit of explaining. Charles I of Anjou expanded his empire in to the Balkans and purchased a claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1277, even though Christians had not ruled that city since the Sultan Saladin drove them out in 1187. By 1303, the last remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Acre, was lost too, but the title was still prestigious. Moreover, the island of Sicily, which Charles I of Anjou had conquered in 1266, had been lost in a 1282 revolt called the Sicilian Vespers. Charles II of Anjou himself was captured in the ensuing war and had renounced his claims to Sicily as a condition of his release in 1288. His ally the pope immediately released him from this promise, and the 1302 Peace of Caltabellotta justified his use of the title King of Sicily for what is now more accurately called Naples, so the coin legend was appropriate.

Boudeau 1631 ; CNI.28 ; Panutti Riccio 4 ; MIR 25
vf

weight 3,94gr. ; silver Ø 28mm.
Second coinage, Class I.
mintmaster initial m (= Simone Miroballo)

obv. Cross potent, m below, in circle, surrounded by the legend;
✠ FERDINANDVS:D:G:R:SICI:IE:R:VN
rev. Coronation scene; Ferdinando, holding scepter and globus cruciger,
enthroned facing, being crowned by cardinal to left, standing right;
to right, bishop standing slightly left, reading from book,  surrounded
by the legend;  ✠ CORONATVS:Q:LEGITIMI:CERTA - V

On 4 November 1458 Ferdinand of Aragon was legitimized to the succession to the throne and on 4 February 1459 in the cathedral of Barletta he was crowned by the papal legate Latino Orsini. The event is the one depicted on the obverse of the coin with the scene of the coronation and the motto CORONATVS QVIA LEGITIME CERTAVIT (crowned because he fought legitimately).

Biaggi 1672 ; Cf. CNI XIX 214 ; cf. Pannuti-Riccio 12b ;
MIR 66/3 ; cf. MEC 14, 958a
vf

weight 3,96gr. ; silver Ø 26mm.
Third coinage, Class 2 (1472-1488)
without mintmaster initial

obv. Crowned and draped bust of Ferdinand right,
C behind, within dotted circle, surrounded by the legend;
CORONATVS:QA∘LEGITIME:CERTAVI:
rev. Striated cross potent within circle, surrounded by
the legend; ✠FERDINANDVS:D:G:R∘SICI:IER:VNG

Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferrante, was King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He became king of Napels after the death of his father Alfonso V. Pope Calixte III (1455-1458) in Rome declined his recognition, however, because Ferdinand was an illegitimate child (the illegitimate son of Alfonso the Magnanimous of Aragon). As a result, Ferdinand had to fight off several pretenders,  among others, Charles, Prince of Viana and John of Anjou, son of René, trying to dispute his right to the throne. In 1464 he managed to impose himself by force in Naples, where his authority had been in dispute since 1458. He allied himself with the city of Milan and the pope against Florence, but ended up signing a peace treaty in 1480 with Lorenzo of Medici. Ferdinand I, an admirer of the Renaissance, surrounded himself with artists and humanists and completed and expanded existing buildings in Naples. Ferdinand I was excommunicated by Innocent VIII on 29 June 1489 and was reconciled with the Holy See in May 1492. He died on 25 January 1494 during preparations against a possible French invasion. The death of Ferdinand I gave the French another opportunity to conquer Naples. Charles VIII′s troops entered Italy in September 1494 and took Naples on 22 February 1495.

Ferdinand employed every means to consolidate his power; coins he used as media of promotion. This piece is a coronato (from Italian: crowned), a propaganda coin issued on the occasion of Ferdinand′s coronation. It bears the kings bust with a large crown on the obverse, and on the reverse a striated cross potent. The coin is an important historical object that provides insight into the political and cultural context of the Kingdom of Naples in the 15th century.

Interesting portrait coin from the Renaissance ; in the Renaissance we see the return of realistic portraits on coins, which had been so common in Greek and Roman times but had fallen into disuse in the Middle Ages.

Biaggi 1673 ; cf. MEC 973-976 ; MIR 67 R
vf

weight 3,81gr. ; silver Ø 27mm.
Third coinage, Class 2 (1472-1488)
mintmaster initial C

obv. Crowned and draped bust of Ferdinand right,
C behind, within dotted circle, surrounded by the legend;
CORONATVS:QA∘LEGITIME:CER:
rev. Striated cross potent, C below, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; ✠FERDINANDVS:D:G:R∘SICILIE:

Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferrante, was King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He became king of Napels after the death of his father Alfonso V. Pope Calixte III (1455-1458) in Rome declined his recognition, however, because Ferdinand was an illegitimate child (the illegitimate son of Alfonso the Magnanimous of Aragon). As a result, Ferdinand had to fight off several pretenders,  among others, Charles, Prince of Viana and John of Anjou, son of René, trying to dispute his right to the throne. In 1464 he managed to impose himself by force in Naples, where his authority had been in dispute since 1458. He allied himself with the city of Milan and the pope against Florence, but ended up signing a peace treaty in 1480 with Lorenzo of Medici. Ferdinand I, an admirer of the Renaissance, surrounded himself with artists and humanists and completed and expanded existing buildings in Naples. Ferdinand I was excommunicated by Innocent VIII on 29 June 1489 and was reconciled with the Holy See in May 1492. He died on 25 January 1494 during preparations against a possible French invasion. The death of Ferdinand I gave the French another opportunity to conquer Naples. Charles VIII′s troops entered Italy in September 1494 and took Naples on 22 February 1495.

Ferdinand employed every means to consolidate his power; coins he used as media of promotion. This piece is a coronato (from Italian: crowned), a propaganda coin issued on the occasion of Ferdinand′s coronation. It bears the kings bust with a large crown on the obverse, and on the reverse a striated cross potent. The coin is an important historical object that provides insight into the political and cultural context of the Kingdom of Naples in the 15th century.

Interesting portrait coin from the Renaissance ; in the Renaissance we see the return of realistic portraits on coins, which had been so common in Greek and Roman times but had fallen into disuse in the Middle Ages.

cf. Biaggi 1673 ; MEC 982 ;  CNI XIX, 124, 363var. ; MIR 68/16
vf/vf+

weight 3,94gr. ; silver Ø 25mm.
Fourth coinage (1488-1492)
mintmaster initial I  (rare)

obv. Crowned and draped bust of Ferdinand right,
I behind, within dotted circle, surrounded by the legend;
✠ FERNANDVS:ARAGO:REX:SI:HIE
rev. Saint Michael standing right with lance,
attacking dragon that stands before him, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; •IVSTA - TVENDA - •

Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferrante, was King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He became king of Napels after the death of his father Alfonso V. Pope Calixte III (1455-1458) in Rome declined his recognition, however, because Ferdinand was an illegitimate child.child (the illegitimate son of Alfonso the Magnanimous of Aragon). As a result, Ferdinand had to fight off several pretenders,  among others, Charles, Prince of Viana and John of Anjou, son of René, trying to dispute his right to the throne. In 1464 he managed to impose himself by force in Naples, where his authority had been in dispute since 1458. He allied himself with the city of Milan and the pope against Florence, but ended up signing a peace treaty in 1480 with Lorenzo of Medici. Ferdinand I, an admirer of the Renaissance, surrounded himself with artists and humanists and completed and expanded existing buildings in Naples. Ferdinand I was excommunicated by Innocent VIII on 29 June 1489 and was reconciled with the Holy See in May 1492. He died on 25 January 1494 during preparations against a possible French invasion. The death of Ferdinand I gave the French another opportunity to conquer Naples. Charles VIII′s troops entered Italy in September 1494 and took Naples on 22 February 1495.

Ferdinand employed every means to consolidate his power; coins he used as media of promotion. This piece is a coronato (from Italian: crowned), a propaganda coin issued on the occasion of Ferdinand′s coronation. It bears the kings bust with a large crown on the obverse, and on the reverse the archangel Michael with a lance, just about to kill a dragon. According to the Bible Michael was the angel who drove Lucifer from heaven to hell and threw Adam and Eve out of paradise. He is the weigher of souls, who on Judgment Day balances the good deeds of men against their evil. The coin is an important historical object that provides insight into the political and cultural context of the Kingdom of Naples in the 15th century.

Interesting portrait coin from the Renaissance ; in the Renaissance we see the return of realistic portraits on coins, which had been so common in Greek and Roman times but had fallen into disuse in the Middle Ages.

cf. Biaggi 1674 ; MEC 1000-1001 ;  CNI XIX, 140, 502var. ;
MIR 70/2 R
vf

weight 5,90gr. ; silver Ø 28mm.
mintmaster marks GR VP (in monogram)

obv. Crowned, draped and cuirassed bust of Philipp II right,
GR / VR in monogram behind, within circle, ✤1572✤ below,
surrounded by the legend; PHILIPP•DEI•GRA•RE•AR•VTR
rev. Crowned shield of manifold arms in oval baroque frame,
surrounded by the legend; •SICILIAE•HIERVSA•

Philipp II (1527-1598) is the son of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. In 1555, he succeeded in the Spanish Netherlands to his father who abdicated in his favor in 1556, for Spain and America. He successively married Marie of Portugal (1527-1545), then his cousin Marie Tudor (1516-1558), Queen of England, in 1560 Elisabeth of France (1545-1568) and finally Anne of Austria (1549-1580). He fights against the France of Henri II, then of Henri IV. He supported the Counter-Reformation and won the victory of Lepanto in 1571. He died in 1598 and his son Philippe succeeded him.

cf. CNI 956 ; Pannuti & Riccio 25var. ; cf. MIR 176/2 RR
Struck with the usual weaknesses. Very rare.
vf-

one-year-cointype
weight 7,92gr. ; copper Ø 28mm.

obv. Crowned ornate shield with SPQN in horizontal band across center
HEN•DE•LOR•DVX•REI•N
rev. Three wheatstalks and olivebranch tied together, GAC above, Z below
PAX•ET•VBERTAS•1648

On the 7th of July 1647 a revolt started against the rule of Habsburg in Naples. This revolt was lead by the fisherman Tommaso Aniello, also called ″Masaniello″. He was elected as ″captain-generale″, with support of the Maffia. On 16^th July 1647 he was assassininated by a groop of grain merchants. A second revolt took place in Augst 1647, which lead to the proclamation of the ″The Royal Republic of Naples″ . under French Protection, in person of  Henri II de Lorraine, 5^th Duke of Guise. He called himself ″Doge″ of Naples, in imitation of Venice. He was not very successful as ruler of Naples. The Spanish eventually recovered Naples in April 1648, and Henri was captured and held by them until 1652.

KM.88 ; MIR 282 R
For this cointype attractive and well-struck piece. Rare historical coin.
vf

weight 27,45gr. ; silver Ø 38mm.
Craig 100 ; Pagani 43 ; Mont.408 ; Davenport 165 R
very minor edgefault, otherwise very attractive coin
xf-

weight 3,36gr. ;  gold 916/1000 ; Ø 28mm.

obv. Tiara and crossed keys above shield of arms with six lily′s,
surrounded by the legend; PAV•III• - • M • PIAC • D •
rev. Short lily cross, with in the angles: P - I - A - C

Piacenza mint was active from 27 April 1537 up to June 1545, when Duchy
of Parma and Piacenza was assigned to Pier Luigi Farnese son of Paul III.

Muntoni 176 ; Berman 968 ; MIR 956 ; Friedberg - R
Very attractive specimen with fine details. Rare.
xf-

weight 9,44gr. ;  silver Ø 30mm.

obv. Coat of arms surmounted by papal crown and crossed keys,
surrounded by the legend; • CLEME•VIII•  -  • PONT • MAX •
rev. Saint Peter (on left), holding keys, and Saint Paul (on right),
holding sword, standing facing, RO monogram MA in exergue,
on the left the legend; •S•PETRVS• , on the right •S•PAVLVS•

Pope Clement VIII, born in 1536 in Fano as Ippolito Aldobrandini (1536–1605) to a prominent Florentine family, was pope from 1592 to 1605, presiding over a significant period of the Counter-Reformation. He studied law and earned a doctorate in canon law. A skilled diplomat and canon lawyer, he was known for reconciling Henry IV of France with the Catholic Church, which allowed him to forge a vital alliance with France against Spain. He held numerous positions, becoming a cardinal in 1585 under Pope Sixtus V. He also served as a legate to Poland, where he successfully mediated a dispute over the throne. He forgave Henry IV of France after his conversion to Protestantism, which was a key diplomatic achievement and allowed the Holy See to align with France rather than Spain. After reconciling Henry IV of France with the Catholic Church, he forged him to a vital alliance with France against Spain. He presided over the trial and execution of the philosopher Giordano Bruno in 1600 and implemented stricter anti-Jewish measures. He also granted the first papal approval for drinking coffee. After the male line of the Este family died out he claimed the Duchy of Ferrara for the Papal States, which was incorporated into the Papal States. Clement VIII died in 1605 and was buried in the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.

Berman 1453 ; MIR 1442/2 ; Muntoni 48 ; CNI 258 ; Serafini 101
Very attractive specimen with a beautiful tone. Rare.
vf/xf à xf-

weight 26,33gr. ; silver 917/1000 ; Ø 40mm.
year of reign III (1825)

cf. Künker Auktion 281, Lot 1874 (in unc : € 2.200 + 20%)

KM.1297.1 ; Berman 3255 ; Pagani 117 ; Muntoni 14 ;
Montenogro 08 ; Davenport 187 R
Wonderful coin with fine details. Rare.
xf à xf+

year of reign XVI
weight 5,40gr. ; silver Ø 23mm.

The date 1846 is altered from 1845. Unpublished as such. Extremely rare.

cf. KM.1322 ; cf. Berman 3288 ; cf. Pagani 441 ; cf. Muntoni 135  RRR
unc-

year of reign XIII
weight 2,85gr. ; silver Ø 20,5mm.

Only 88.000 pieces minted. Rare.

KM.1342b ; Berman 3316 R
unc

weight 2,85gr. ; silver Ø 20,5mm.
year of reign XVII
KM.1342b ; Berman 3315 ; Pagani 445 ;
Muntoni 20 f ; CNI.173 ; Serafini 180
unc-

year of reign VII
weight 9,77gr. ; copper Ø 30mm.

Only 35.000 pieces minted. Compared with 1851, in which 5.706.000 pieces were minted, the production of 1853 was very little. The date 1853 is altered from 1852. Unpublished as such. Extremely rare.

cf. KM.1345 ; cf. Berman 3326 ; cf. CNI.52 RRR
Rarity in a wonderful nearly uncirculated condition. Hard to find this nice.
unc-

year of reign IV
weight 4,63gr. ; copper Ø 23,5mm.
KM.1340 ; Berman 3327 ; Muntoni 34 ; Pagani 509 ; Serafini 286 ; CNI.42
Minor edge nick and scuff  on the obverse (on tiara).
xf/unc

weight 4,84gr. ; copper Ø 23,5mm.
year of reign IIII
KM.1340 ; Berman 3327 ; Muntoni 34 ; Pagani 509 ; Serafini 286 ; CNI.42
vf

weight 12,53gr. ; silver Ø 30,5mm.
year of reign: XXI

A one- year-type. Mintage 257.000. Scarce.  

KM.1384 ; Berman 3338 ; CNI 226 ;
Pagani 552 ; Serafini 441 ; Muntoni 46
attractive lustrous specimen
xf

weight 7,77gr. ; nickel Ø 26,5mm.

mintage: 80.000 pieces

KM.5 ; Berman 3357 ; Muntoni 10 ; CNI.5
Wonderful full-lustrous coin. Mintstate.
unc

weight 26,20gr. ; Ø 45mm.
Davenport 4120 ; MIR 1013/6 ; CNI.26 RR
vf/xf

weight 2,38gr. ; silver Ø 18mm.

Marie Louise (Maria Luigia) was an Austrian archduchess, daughter of emperor Franz I,
who reigned as Duchess of Parma from 1814 until her death; she was the second
wife of Napoleon Bonaparte and, as such, Empress of the French from 1810 to 1814."

Craig 27 ; Pagani 10
f/vf-

weight 1,28gr. ; silver Ø 18mm.

obv. Tetrastyle temple with cross in the centre and on the roof,
surrounded by the legend; XPISTIANA RELIGIO
rev. Short cross patteé with pellet in each quarter, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend;  ✠ H LVDOVVICVS IMP

cf. Morrison & Grunthal 472 ; cf. Prou 999 ;
cf. Depeyrot 680K (Pavia) and 662K (Milan) ; 
MEC I, 820var. (Pavia) ; Biaggi -
vf

weight 10,85gr. ; bronze Ø 28mm.
made of cannon bronze
Cr.3
f

weight 2,13gr. ; silver Ø 21mm.

obv. Saint Gaudentius standing facing, crozier in left hand,
right hand in benediction, within reeded circle, surrounded
by the legend; PP S• GAV - DECIVS ∴∘
rev. Short cross patteé within reeded circle, surrounded by
the legend; ✶DE A RIMINIO (translation: From Rimini)

Gaudentius was Bishop of Brescia from 387 until 410, and was a theologian and author of many letters and sermons. He was the successor of Philastrius. Gaudentius had studied under Philastrius, and was a preacher in Italy and the Middle East. Unlike many Christians of his day, Gaudentius was thoroughly conversant in both Greek and Hebrew as well as his native Latin. When Philastrius died around 387, the people of Brescia elected Gaudentius as bishop, evidently against his will. He was on pilgrimage to Jerusalem when Philastrius had died. The Catholic Encyclopedia states that ″the people of Brescia bound themselves by an oath that they would accept no other bishop than Gaudentius; and Ambrose and other neighboring prelates, in consequence, obliged him to return, though against his will. The Eastern bishops also threatened to refuse him Communion if he did not obey.″

Gaudentius was consecrated by Ambrose in 387. A record of the discourse given made by Gaudentius on the occasion of his consecration survives. Gaudentius reported upon his consecration that he had brought back with him from the Holy Land relics of John the Baptist, the Apostles, relics of saints from Milan, and of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. The nieces of Basil of Caesarea had given him the relics of the Forty Martyrs at Caesarea in Cappadocia. He deposited these relics in a basilica that he named Concilium Sanctorum, and wrote a sermon upon its dedication.

Gaudentius and the Archbishop of Constantinople, John Chrysostom, were friends; the two may have met at Antioch. Gaudentius joined a delegation in 405 sent by Innocent I and Honorius to defend Chrysostom. The delegation was sent to speak with the Eastern Emperor Arcadius to defend Chrysostom after the latter had been accused by the member of what was considered a heretical sect, and exiled. Gaudentius and his companions, two bishops, encountered many difficulties and never reached their goal of entering Constantinople. At the start of their journey Gaudentius and his two companions had been seized at Athens. They were sent to Constantinople, a journey of three days on a ship without food. However, they were not allowed to enter the city, and were imprisoned in the fortress of Athyra, in Thrace. An attempt to bribe them into speaking with Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople, the man who had replaced Chrysostom, failed, but one of the thumbs of the three travelers was broken during a scuffle in which Byzantine officials had seized the bishops′ credentials by force. Gaudentius and his two companions were then put on board an unseaworthy vessel; it was alleged that the ship′s captain had orders to wreck them. The travelers arrived safely, however, at Lampsacus. They departed for Italy and arrived at Otranto after twenty days. Despite the failure of the mission, Chrysostom sent a letter of thanks to Gaudentius. Palladius of Galatia preserved an account by Gaudentius of his four-month adventure (Dialogus, 4). Gaudentius died ca. 410 AD. His relics were kept at Brescia in the church of San Giovanni, built on the site of the ancient Concilium Sanctorum.

Biaggi 2001 ; CNI X, 717 ; MIR 1353 ; Numista 295851
vf/vf+

weight 25,90gr. ; Ø 38mm.
KM.23.2
Rare in this high quality.
unc-/xf

weight 3,20gr. ; gold 900/1000 ; Ø 18mm.
mintmark anchor

obv. Head to left, 1833 below, surrounded by the legend;
CAR · ALBERTVS  D · G · REX  SARD · CYP · ET  HIER ·
rev. Crowned shield of Savoy between two laurel branches,
collar of order suspended below, mintmarks and value ′L.10.′ below,
surrounded by the legend; DVX SAB· GENVAE ET MONTISF· PRINC· PED· & ·

The Duchy of Savoy was an Italian state wedged between France and Milan and was often the victim of invasions from both directions. In 1720, the duke acquired the island of Sardinia and promoted himself to king of Sardinia. In 1799, king Carlo Emanuele IV was evicted by Napoleon and the region converted to the Ligurian Republic then annexed to France. Sardinia did not recover her independence until 1815. The king was rewarded by Metternich with the republic of Genoa, which he added to his territory and opened a branch mint there in addition to his existing mint at Turin. The Turin mint used an eagle′s head as a mintmark while coins struck at Genoa sported an anchor. The ten lire was struck at Genoa in 1833 and 1844 only.

The records about the mintage differ in the various literature.
Krause & Mishler mentions 15.500 pieces,
Numista mentions only 6.799 minted pieces.
Very rare.

KM.136.2 ; Craig 114.2 ; MIR 1046a (R2) ;
Pagani  211 (R2) ; Friedberg 1145 RR
vf

weight 1,50gr. ; billon Ø 23,5mm.

obv. Shield bearing cross (arms of Savoy) in quatrofoil
+AMEDEVS : DVX :SABAVDIER
rev. Cross in quatrefoil +ChAB IN ITAL MAR PRN

MIR 139 ; Cudazzo 139a
vf-/f+

weight 1,87gr. ; copper Ø 12mm.

obv. Arabic legend "IL RE TANCREDI"
rev. REX ROGERIVS+

This follaro has been struck on name of Roggerius, the son of Tancred,
in the years 1191-1193. Very rare.

Spahr 140 ; Tr.400 ; Biaggi 1237 (R3)
some weakness of the strike
f/vf

weight 2,62gr. ; gold Ø 11mm.

obv. Pseudo-cufic legend around 4 pellets
rev. Cross dividing IC - XC /  HI- IA

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, born in 1194, was a significant figure in medieval European history, serving as the Holy Roman Emperor and king of Sicily. His early life was marked by political turbulence, as he was crowned king of Germany at the age of two and later became king of Sicily at the behest of his mother. Frederick′s reign was characterized by complex interactions with the papacy, particularly with popes like Innocent III and Gregory IX, as he sought to consolidate his power while engaging in crusades. He famously negotiated the peaceful acquisition of Jerusalem, earning the title King of Jerusalem, but faced ongoing challenges from both the church and rebellious nobles.

Despite early successes in reforming the administration of Sicily and promoting economic growth, Frederick struggled to maintain control over northern Italy and the German princes, who increasingly asserted their independence. His later years were filled with conflicts, including military defeats against the Lombard League and growing discontent among his own supporters. Frederick′s death in 1250 marked a turning point, leading to the decline of both the Hohenstaufen dynasty and the central authority of the Holy Roman Empire, which struggled to maintain cohesion in the face of rising regional powers. His legacy is complex, with many of his administrative reforms ultimately failing to endure beyond his reign.

variant: normally we see 6 pellets on the obverse,
with NI - KA on the reverse. Very rare as such.

cf. MEC 521-526 ;  cf. MIR (Varesi) 69 ; cf. Spahr 85 ;
cf. Biaggi - (cf. 1240 = 1,40gr.) ; cf. D′Andrea 135  RR
vf

weight 3,30gr. ; silver Ø 25mm.

obv. Eagle with open wings in treasure with eight annulets
in angles, within dotted circle, surrounded by the legend;
✠ FRIDЄRICK′ T⋮D′I⋮’RЄX⋮SICIL′
rev. Crowned shield of Aragon between ★ - ★, above ★
in treasure, with eight annulets in angles, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; ✠DUC′:APUL′•PRINCIPAT′.CAPUЄ

Federico (Frederick) III was born at Barcelona on 13 December 1272, third son of Peter III of Aragon and Constance of Sicily. When his father died in 1285, he left the Kingdom of Aragon to his eldest son, Alfonso, and that of Sicily to his second son, James (Giacomo). When Alfonso died in 1291, James became king of Aragon and left Frederick as regent in Sicily.

Frederick was elected king by the Sicilian parliament (11 December 1295), to prevent the island′s return to the rule of the Angevin Charles II of Naples; he was crowned on 25 March 1296. To revive the Ghibelline tradition of the Holy Roman emperors Frederick I and II, he called himself Frederick III, though he was in fact only the second Frederick to reign in Sicily. A war with Naples and the papacy followed. By the Peace of Caltabellotta (31 August 1302), it was agreed that Frederick should retain Sicily with the title of ″king of Trinacria″ until his death, when the island would revert to the Angevins. When hostilities broke out again in 1310, Frederick reassumed the title ″king of Sicily″ and had his son Peter designated as his successor, thus ensuring the continuance of Aragonese rule in Sicily. Frederick died on 25 June 1337 at Paterno (Sicily)

The pierreale (plural pierreali, i.e. "reale of Peter") was a silver coin minted by the Kingdom of Trinacria (Sicily) between the reigns of Peter I (1282–1285) and Ferdinand II (1479–1516). It was equivalent in weight and fineness to the Neapolitan carlino and was sometimes called a carlino. It carried on the obverse the imperial eagle, the favoured emblem of the Staufer dynasty of Peter I′s queen, Constance II, and on the reverse the arms of Aragon, representing Peter′s native kingdom. The design deliberately contrasted with that of the carlino. After Alfonso I′s conquest of Naples in 1442, he replaced the arms with an image of the seated ruler (in imitation of the carlino) and replaced the eagle with the quartered arms of Aragon and Naples.

Biaggi 1311var. ; Spahr 1959, 2/33 ; cf. MEC Italy, no.773 ;
MIR (Varesi) 184
A very attractive specimen with excellent details.
Rare in this high state of preservation.
xf

weight 2,88gr. ; silver Ø 25mm.

obv. Eagle with open wings in treasure with eight annulets
in angles, within dotted circle, surrounded by the legend;
✠ MARTIN:D:GR•A:RЄX⋮SICILI⋮
rev. Crowned shield of Aragon between C - C in treasure,
with eight annulets in angles, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; ✠ AC•AThЄNAR⋮NЄOPA⋮DU

Martin I ″the younger″ (Martino il Giovane) of Sicily was born in 1374, son of the future King Martin I of Aragon and Maria de Luna. He married Queen Maria of Sicily in 1390, becoming King-Consort upon their arrival in Sicily in 1392. Martin′s reign was marked by challenges, including a rebellion against Aragonese rule on the island. He successfully suppressed the revolt, demonstrating his skills as a soldier. He also convened a parliament in Syracuse in 1398, which led to administrative reforms.

After the death of his wife and son in 1402, Martin married Blanche of Navarre. He then focused on expanding his father′s influence in Sardinia. He led a military campaign in Sardinia in 1409, achieving a victory at the Battle of Sanluri. However, he contracted malaria and died in Cagliari shortly after. Martin′s death left Sicily without a direct heir. His father, Martin I of Aragon, inherited the Sicilian throne but died two years later, leading to a period of interregnum in Aragon and a struggle for the succession.

The pierreale (plural pierreali, i.e. "reale of Peter") was a silver coin minted by the Kingdom of Trinacria (Sicily) between the reigns of Peter I (1282–1285) and Ferdinand II (1479–1516). It was equivalent in weight and fineness to the Neapolitan carlino and was sometimes called a carlino. It carried on the obverse the imperial eagle, the favoured emblem of the Staufer dynasty of Peter I′s queen, Constance II, and on the reverse the arms of Aragon, representing Peter′s native kingdom. The design deliberately contrasted with that of the carlino. After Alfonso I′s conquest of Naples in 1442, he replaced the arms with an image of the seated ruler (in imitation of the carlino) and replaced the eagle with the quartered arms of Aragon and Naples.

Biaggi 1341; Spahr 28/34 ; MEC Italy, no.825-826 ;
MIR (Varesi) 220/2 R
A very attractive specimen. Rare.
vf

weight 2,63gr. ; silver Ø 24mm.

obv. Eagle in treasure with eight annulets in angles, within dotted circle,
surrounded by the legend; ✠ IOANNЄS:D:G:RЄX:SICILIЄ
rev. Crowned shield of Aragon between I - I in treasure,
with eight annulets in angles, within dotted circle, surrounded
by the legend; ✠ AC:ATЄNARVM:ЄT NEOPA:

Giovanni (John) II of Aragon, called the Great (el Gran) or the Faithless (el Sense Fe) was born on 29 June 1398. He was the King of Navarre through his wife (jure uxoris) from 1425 and the King of Aragon in his own right from 1458 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John was also King of Sicily from 1458-1468.

Giovanni was born at Medina del Campo (in the Crown of Castile). In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella I of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the Kingdom of Spain. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family.

John was first married to Blanche I of Navarre of the house of Évreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, Charles, given the title ″Prince of Viana″ as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to Juana Enríquez, it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father′s absence. Charles′s cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king′s attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.

There followed the long Navarrese Civil War, with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, perhaps by poison administered by his stepmother in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in a War against John II. His last years John spent contending with these. He was forced to pawn Roussillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King Louis XI of France, who refused to part with it.

In his old age John was blinded by cataracts, but recovered his eyesight by the operation of couching conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king till his death on 20 janaury 1479. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already married to Isabella I of Castile. With his death and son′s accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.

The pierreale (plural pierreali, i.e. "reale of Peter") was a silver coin minted by the Kingdom of Trinacria (Sicily) between the reigns of Peter I (1282–1285) and Ferdinand II (1479–1516). It was equivalent in weight and fineness to the Neapolitan carlino and was sometimes called a carlino. It carried on the obverse the imperial eagle, the favoured emblem of the Staufer dynasty of Peter I′s queen, Constance II, and on the reverse the arms of Aragon, representing Peter′s native kingdom. The design deliberately contrasted with that of the carlino. After Alfonso I′s conquest of Naples in 1442, he replaced the arms with an image of the seated ruler (in imitation of the carlino) and replaced the eagle with the quartered arms of Aragon and Naples.

Biaggi 1351; MIR (Varesi) 230/1 ; Spahr 1959, 20/92 ;
Spahr 1982, no.80 ; MEC Italy, no.881  R
Struck with some minor weaknesses. Rare.
vf+

weight 10,18gr. ; silver Ø 28,5mm.

obv. Armored high-collared bust of Philip III to right, 5 pellets below,
surrounded by the legend; + x PHILIPP x  - x III x D x G x
rev. Crowned displayed eagle, head to left, DF - A across lower fields,
surrounded by the legend; REX x SICILIAE x 1612

Spahr 29/31 ; MIR(Varesi) 345/7 ; KM.11
struck with some minor weaknesses
vf

weight 7,78gr. ; silver Ø 27mm.

obv. Crowned and armored bust, with high collar, to left, 3 annulets below.,
surrounded by the legend; + x PHILIPP x  - x III x D x G x
rev. Cross with flame and small crown at each end, IF - A across field,
surrounded by the legend; + REX x SICILIAE x 1612

Spahr 49 ; Varesi 346 ; MIR 346/5 ; KM.10
Minor weakness of strike. Very attractive for type.
vf

weight 1,91gr. ; silver  Ø 20,5mm.

obv. Womenbust right, surrounded by the legend;
LIV•MA•PRI•S•P•COM•T•SOVV•DOM
rev. Crowned arms of Orléans deviding 16 - 66, T below, surrounded
by the legend; ❀ DNS•ADIVTOR •  -  • ET•REDEM•MEVS

Livia Centurioni Oltremarini was the wife of Filippo Spinola.

KM.52.1 (Tassarolo, Italy) ; Boudeau 1106 ; Poey d′Avant 5234 ;
Duplessy 3011var. ; Divo - (cf. 235) ; Cammarano 368
vf

weight 8,72gr. ; silver Ø 31mm.

obv. Draped and cuirrased bust right of Cosimo III right, surrounded
by the legend; COSMVS•III•D•MAG•DVX•ETRV:VI•
rev. St. John the Baptist seated on a rock, hand raised, holding a long cross,
in the base incised in the rock, 1676 right below, S. IOANNES to left,
BAPTISTA to right

KM.- ; cf. CNI 15 ; Galeotti XIIIvar. ; cf. Ravegnani-Morosini 8 ;
Montagano 332/3  RR
a very rare coin
vf

weight 0,97gr. ; copper Ø 16mm.
Cr.62a
vf

weight 39,39gr. ; silver Ø 44mm.

obv. Joint draped portraits of Charles-Louis (Charles II de
Bourbon-Parme) as a child and his mother Marie-Louise d′Étrurie
(Marie-Louise-Joséphine de Bourbon), right., LS monogram et
Marteau below, surrounded by the legend; CAROLUS LUD.D·G·
REX ETR. & M. ALOYSIA R. RECTRIX I·I·H·H·
rev. Crowned shield with spikes divides wreath,
FLORENTIAE 1806 below, surrounded by the legend;
DOMINE SPES MEA - A IUVENTUTE MEA

Carlo Ludovico, born on 22 December 1799, was the only son of Louis, Prince of Piacenza, and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain. Born at the Royal Palace of Madrid at the court of his maternal grandfather King Charles IV of Spain, he spent his first years living at the Spanish court. In 1801, by the Treaty of Aranjuez, Charles became Crown Prince of Etruria, a newly created kingdom formed from territories of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Charles moved to Italy with his parents and in 1803, not yet four years old, he succeeded his father as King of Etruria under the name Louis II.
His mother Infanta Maria Luisa assumed the regency while Charles Louis′ minority lasted. In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and Charles Louis and his mother took refuge in Spain. In May 1808 they were forced to leave Spain by Napoleon who arrested Charles Louis′ mother in a convent in Rome. Between 1811 and 1814 Charles Louis was placed under the care of his grandfather, the deposed King Charles IV of Spain.

After Napoleon′s fall, in 1817, Infanta Maria Luisa became Duchess of Lucca in her own right and Charles Louis, age sixteen, became hereditary Prince of Lucca. In 1820 he married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy. They were a mismatched couple and had only one surviving son.
At his mother′s death in 1824, Charles Louis became the reigning Duke of Lucca as Charles I. He had little interest in ruling. He left the duchy in the hands of his ministers and spent most of his time traveling around Europe. A liberal movement led him to abdicate Lucca in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany in October 1847 in exchange for financial compensation, as he wanted to retire to private life. Two months later, in December 1847, at the death of the former Empress Marie Louise, he succeeded her as the reigning Duke of Parma according to what had been stipulated by the Congress of Vienna.

His reign in Parma as Duke Charles II was brief. He was ill-received by his new subjects and within a few months he was ousted by a revolution. He regained control of Parma under the protection of Austrian troops, but finally abdicated in favor of his son Charles III on 14 March 1849. His son was assassinated in 1854 and his grandson Robert I, the last reigning Duke of Parma, was deposed in 1860. In exile Charles Louis assumed the title of count of Villafranca. He spent the last years of his life mostly in France, dying at Nice on 16 April 1883.

The lira (plural: lire) was the currency of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until its annexation by Napoleonic France in 1807. After that year, it unofficially remained in circulation thanks to its silver value until the restoration of Tuscan independence in 1814. It was finally abolished in 1826. The lira was subdivided into 20 soldi, each of 3 quattrini or 12 denari (singular: soldo, quattrino, denaro). Other denominations included the crazia worth q.5; the grosso worth q.20; the paolo worth q.40 or 2⁄3 lira; the testone worth 3 paoli; and the crown-sized francescone worth 10 paoli or 6+2⁄3 lire. In 1803 the Tuscan lira was equivalent to 0.84 French francs, 0.84 Italian lira, or 3.78 grams of fine silver. In 1826 it was replaced by the Tuscan fiorino worth 100 quattrini or 1+2⁄3 lira. So this 10 lire was equivalent to 15 paoli.

The Italian States Tuscany 10 Lire 1806 coin is a rare and valuable piece of history. Minted in Florence during the reign of Charles Louis, this silver coin weighs 39.39 grams and has a mintage of only circa 5,200 pieces. In 1806, Tuscany was part of the Italian States and was ruled by various branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Charles Louis was the Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1799 to 1803, and his reign was marked by political turmoil and Napoleonic invasions. This coin is in Almost Uncirculated  condition with blooming lustre, making it a highly sought-after collector′s item among numismatists. Its rarity and historical significance make it a valuable addition to any collection of Italian coinage from the early 19th century.

From the year 1806 only 5,200 pieces were minted. On this specimen the year 1806 has been changed from 1805. The 1 stands upside down. Unpublished as such. Extremely rare as such.

cf. Craig 49.1 ; cf. Numista 21650 ; cf. Davenport 152 RRR
unc-

weight 2,15gr. ; silver Ø 20,5mm.

obv. Christ seated facing on throne, holding book of gospels;
IC / XC (with overbars) either side of nimbus
rev. The doge standing, receiving a flag from St. Marco, nimbate; 
next to the doge in a vertical column, DVX, surrounded by the legend;
•M•M•AVROCE  -  S.M.VENETI•

Marino Morosini was elected doge late in life, at the age of 68. At the time of his election, in 1249, Morosini was the Procurator of Saint Mark′s Basilica. Marino was the second of four members of the Morosini family to be elected doge. The other three were Domenico Morosini (1147–1156), Michele Morosini (1382) and Francesco Morosini (1688–1694). Four women in the family were also married to doges and had the title of dogaressa: Tommasina Morosini was the wife of Pietro Gradenigo, Francesca Morosini was married to Andrea Dandolo, Dea Morosini to Niccolò Tron and Morosina Morosini to Marino Grimani.

During his political career, Morosini also held the position of Duke of Crete. He was married but did not have any children. His four-year tenure as doge was a time of peace for Venice, although during this period, Louis IX of France led a crusade against Egypt. Not wanting to jeopardize its trade agreement with the sultan, Venice chose not to participate in the crusade.

Morosini sought to improve relations with the Vatican by making the concession to accept the establishment of a court of inquisition in Venice, but retained the right to appoint the judges. Nevertheless, tensions remained high between Rome and Venice. Upon his death on 1 January 1253, Marino Morosini was interred in the atrium of Saint Mark′s Basilica.

In Eastern Christianity, the most widely used Christogram is a four-letter abbreviation, ΙϹ ΧϹ — a traditional abbreviation of the Greek words for ″Jesus Christ″ (i.e., the first and last letters of each of the words ″ΙΗϹΟΥϹ ΧΡΙϹΤΟϹ″, with the lunate sigma ″Ϲ″ common in medieval Greek), and written with titlo (diacritic) denoting scribal abbreviation (І҃С Х҃С). On icons, this Christogram may be split: ″ΙϹ″on the left of the image and ″ΧϹ″ on the right.

In the Middle Ages, Christian symbolism was far more important than secular symbolism because faith and the church were central to life, shaped people′s joys and sorrows, and exerted a pervasive influence on society, culture, and art. Secular symbolism, such as that of kings and nobility, did play a role, but deeply rooted Christian symbolism determined the meaning and structure of daily life. For this reason, we should consider the depicted Christ as the obverse and the "secular" Doge as the reverse. For reasons unknown to me, this view is not followed in current literature and in commerce.

CNI VII, 14 ; Papadopoli 1-2 ; Paolucci 1; 
Gamberini 28 ; Biaggi 2772 ; Montenegro Dogi 27
Very attractive specimen. Rare.
vf/xf

weight 3,54gr. ; gold Ø 21mm.

obv. Nimbate Christ standing facing, right hand raised in benediction,
book of gospels in left, five stars on right side, four stars on left side;
all within oval frame of dots, to left the legend; RЄGIS•ISTЄ•DUCAT′•,
to right the legend; •SIT•T•XPЄ.DAT′•Q′•TV
rev. The doge on right kneeling left, facing nimbate St. Marco right on left;
they hold banner between them; ANTO′.VЄNЄRIO clockwise to right -
S.M.VENETI anticklockwise to left, DVX in upper field to right of banner

Antonio Vernier succeeded Michel Morosini who had just died of the plague on 16 October, 1382 after a doganat of less than five months. Vernier was elected on 21 November 1382 and had to fight against the rise of the Visconti of Milan and against Charles VI of France to whom the Republic of Genoa, the old enemy, had offered itself. In the East, the doge had to face the rise of the Turks and suffered in Illyria and Dalmatia, the repercussions of the defeat of Nicopolis in 1396. He died on 23 November 1400 and Michel Steno (1400-1413) succeeded him.

The zecchino was originally a gold coin called ″ducat″ (ducato), for the ruling Doge of Venice who was prominently depicted on it. It was made of pure gold and was issued by the Zecca (mint) of Venice in 1284, and later issued by numerous other Italian and other states. The name appears to be a diminutive of the word zecca, meaning a "little-die", "little-mint", or possibly "small product from the mint". It is possible that it was not publicly called a zecchino until about 1554 in the reign of Doge Francesco Venier. The word zecca is derive from an Arabic word (sikka) for die. When originally issued, it had the same weight and specification as the fiorino issued by Florence. The word ducat is also used synonymously, although it was originally issued as a silver coin at Venice in 1202. Its original value was 7 lire (from Roman Libra) and 12 soldi (plural of soldo, and derived from the Roman solidus). As there were 20 soldi to the lira, the value translates to 7.60 lire expressed in decimals.

In the Middle Ages, Christian symbolism was far more important than secular symbolism because faith and the church were central to life, shaped people′s joys and sorrows, and exerted a pervasive influence on society, culture, and art. Secular symbolism, such as that of kings and nobility, did play a role, but deeply rooted Christian symbolism determined the meaning and structure of daily life. For this reason, we should consider the depicted Christ as the obverse and the "secular" Doge as the reverse. For reasons unknown to me, this view is not followed in current literature and in commerce.

Biaggi 2853 ; Paolucci 37,1 ; CNI.IV,13 ; Friedberg 1229
Wonderful specimen with excellent details. Near mint state.
An amazing coin. Very rare this nice.
unc-

weight 12,86gr. ; gold Ø 26mm.

variety; edge inscription in relief; ★ DIO PROTEGGE L′ ITALIA.

This coin has also another variety; the dot between 40 and LIRE is at a higher position than usual. Normally the dot is at bottom level. We have not signalated this die variety before. Extremely rare as such.

KM.12var. ; Pagani 11var. ; Montenegro 192var. ;
CNI.32var. ; Friedberg 5var. RRR
Usual soft obverse strike. Attractive lustrous coin.
xf-

weight 12,90gr. ; Ø 26mm.
mintmark/mintmaster marks: lamp & pomegranate
engraver: Luigi Manfredini (1771-1840)

obv. The bust of Napoleon facing left with 1814 / M below,
surrounded by the legend;
pomegranate NAPOLEONE IMPERATORE E RE lamp
rev. Shield on eagle within the crowned mantle, denomination
40.LIRE below, REGNO to left, D′ITALIA to right
edge inscription: DIO  PROTEGGE  L′ITALIA ★
(translation: God protects Italy)

Luigi Manfredini was born in 1771 in Bologna. He eventually began teaching art at the Brera Academy before working at the Milan Mint from 1798 to 1830. During his time at the mint, Manfredini designed several coins for Napoleon′s Kingdom of Italy, in collaboration with artists Jerome Vassallo and Joseph Salvirch. When tasked with engraving a coin, Manfredini would normally work on its obverse and leave his team to complete the reverse.

Manfredini was removed from the mint staff and exiled from the Kingdom of Italy in 1810 for allowing 5 lira coins bearing the erroneous legend "NATOLEONE" instead of "NAPOLEONE" to circulate. However, his responsibility in this matter remains controversial, as some authors claim that whenever Manfredini noticed a coin with an error he would destroy it, while others suggest that the erroneous coin likely resulted from the myopia that began to afflict Manfredini as he grew older in age. According to another story, he was expelled for designing a medal in 1809 with Vassallo that commemorated Napoleon′s victory at Ratisbon. The medal depicted a giant crushed by a mountain on the reverse, which may have been interpreted as an allusion to Napoleonic despotism.

Manfredini returned to Milan following Napoleon′s abdication in 1814. He worked for Holy Roman Emperor Francis II during the French Restoration and designed coins of the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla featuring Francis′ daughter, Duchess Marie Louise. Manfredini died in Milan in 1840 at the age of 68 or 69.

The year 1814 has been changed from 1809, from
which only the 0 underneath the 1 is clearly visible.
Not listed in reference works. Very rare.

KM.12var. ; cf. Pagani 17a ; cf. Schlumberger 13 ;
cf. Montenegro 204 ; cf. Gigante 82a ;
Numista 21359var. ; Friedberg 5var. RR
Beautiful lustrous specimen. Hard to find this nice.
xf/unc à unc-

weight 9,65gr. ; Ø 28mm.

Edge lettering raised. In the years 1807-1808 only about
10.000 pieces were minted. Very rare. 

Craig  9.1 RR
good fine

weight 1,96gr. ; Ø 18mm.
Cr. 4
vf/xf à xf-

weight 0,95gr. ; silver Ø 16mm.
KM.13.1 ; Montenegro 226
vf-

weight 6,44 ; Ø 21mm.

This rare date 1889 seems to be changed from the older date 1881.
Unpublished as such.

KM.21 ; Friedberg 21 ; Pagani 584(R2) ; Schlumberger 72 RRR
xf-

weight 24,84gr. ; silver 900/1000 ; Ø 37mm.

Mintage of only 100.000 pieces. Rare.

KM.20 ; Pagani 589 ; Gigante 23 ; Davenport 141 R
some minor edge nicks
vf-/vf

weight 4,01gr. ; copper-nickel Ø 21mm.
KM.28.1 ; Gigante 45
vf+

weight 9,80gr. ; bronze Ø 30mm.
KM.27.1 ; Pagani 616 ; Montenegro 64 ; Gigante 50
Minor bagmarks. Full lustrous specimen with original reddish colour.
Mintstate.
unc

weight 2,07gr. ; bronze Ø 20mm.
KM.30
unc-

weight 1,08gr. ; bronze Ø 15mm.
KM.35
unc-

weight 9,93gr. ; nickel Ø 29mm.
KM.63
vf/xf à xf-

weight 5,98gr. ; nickel Ø 24mm.

With plain edge. Only 599.000 pieces minted. Very rare.

KM.61.1 ; Pagani 804 ; Gig.168 RR
Hard to find in this high grade condition.
about unc

weight 3,90gr. ; copper-nickel Ø 21,5mm.
KM.44
Wonderful full-lustrous coin.
unc

weight 5,52gr. ; bronze Ø 23mm.
KM.60
vf/vf+

weight 1,95gr. ; bronze Ø 19,8mm.
KM.41 ; Montenegro 405 ; Pagani 932
Minor planchet fault on obverse, but nearly as struck.
unc-